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Chapters from "TIME TRIALS"

• 7 •

Fear Revisited

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The Cold War, in the wake of the atomic bomb dropped on Japan cities—Hiroshima and Nagasaki—had negative collateral effects. The fear of increasingly more powerful weapons with its precarious stalemate led to paranoid precautions. In the early 1950s, Americans built bomb shelters that dotted neighborhood landscapes. Fear and loathing escalated along with materialism and affluence. 

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Some years later, a Russian observer remarked, “We fear the authoritarian state, but you Americans fear everything.” Just then a guy drove by in his Mercedes. He continued, “You have so much that you fear losing it.” 

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Americans had forgotten Franklin D. Roosevelt’s message during The Great Depression that the “Only thing to fear is fear itself.” 

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Yet, even FDR fell victim to fear in February 1942 when he issued an executive order to remove “possible enemy aliens” in California, Oregon, and Washington, states with large Japanese-American populations. His order affected some 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry, who were relocated to Internment Camps scattered in remote areas of six western states plus Arkansas. Camp Amache opened in August 1942 and housed over 7,000 persons near Granada in remote southwest Colorado.

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Japanese-American Internment Camps

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No German-Americans, who bore a strong resemblance to millions of European descendants among us, were included. In retrospect, the executive order and relocation of American citizens was one of our nation’s most shameful civil liberties violations, along with more than a hint of racism. Ironically, this would prove to benefit our community and family. Three Japanese-Americans teenagers were sent to live in Elkhorn among families who agreed to take them in. 

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One benefactor was the Van Scotter household, who took in 15-year-old Josephine (Jo) Icke. Mom had had a series of high school girls live with us to help care for Roger, Alan, and me in our childhood. Most struggled to get along with her and departed, but not Jo. It was a courageous act for a mom, who otherwise might have succumbed to prejudice. Jo was a marvelous young woman and the best that mother had retained, when we were young. As related later, mother confessed that she couldn’t sleep the first night the “Japanese kid” was in our home for fear she would slit her boys’ throats. Such is irrational fear spread by the tenor of the time.

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Sophomore Home Room 1945  •  Don Van and Josephine Icke

After attending Elkhorn High School in the mid-forties, she returned to California reuniting with her parents. Over the years, mother stayed in contact with Jo learning that this young girl eventually married and had her own family. When I too was married in San Francisco 20 years later, my parents visited her in Oakland and met her family. What remained in my mind was the sweetness of this woman fixing her eyes on me marveling how this scrappy boy had grown to be a man. 

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Upon graduating from high school in 1946, Bob enlisted in the U.S. Navy, where he served two years. Upon his discharge with aid from the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill), he enrolled in the School of Journalism at Marquette University. After his freshman year, he announced to the family that he had converted to Catholicism. Marquette is a Jesuit university, and Bob reasoned that he could benefit more from his education as a Catholic. This made sense to me then and makes more sense now. Catholic social thought includes a commitment to justice in society measured by its treatment of its weakest and most vulnerable members. 

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It also has what scholar Michael Gerson calls an “if, then” requirement. “If you want to call yourself pro-life on abortion, then you have to oppose the dehumanization of immigrants. If you criticize the dehumanization of life by euthanasia, then you must criticize the dehumanization of life by racism. If you want to be regarded as pro-life, then you must support access to health care.” I prefer to think that Bob holds dear and practices these values though many Catholics seem unmoved by the tradition. This may explain why Hispanics are heavily Catholic with more than one-third of its U.S congregations today Hispanic. 

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But mother is hardly a theologian and was distressed. Dad was indifferent, as was the family generally. Religion played a modest role in our lives, and we boys attended Sunday school to pacify mother for cultural reasons and to connect with other kids for social reasons. Church-going was omnipresent in town, and it was my impression that many adults attended to be visible, accounted for, and sociable on Sunday mornings. 

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Mother’s attitude towards Bob’s conversion reflected a latent prejudice against Catholics. I went to school with several Catholic friends, who, aside from arcane rituals, seemed perfectly normal. Discrimination against those of that faith was prevalent 100 or more years ago with the influx of Irish, Polish, and Italians to America. We still were far from being beyond irrational fear. 

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Elkhorn even had two cemeteries—one for Protestants and another for Catholics. This came as a humorous paradox to Shannon, when she attempted to visit her grandparents’ graves while in college. The two weren’t far apart, and she innocently was misdirected. Where the few Jewish residents found a resting place is a mystery to me. 

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This was bizarre given mother’s hypocrisy toward religion. Grandmother was a devoted Baptist, so mom, it appeared, had us congregate with the Methodists across the boulevard on Church Street. She and dad only attended services on Christmas and Easter, which didn’t go unnoticed by their offspring. 

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I was disturbed, and saddened, at my mother's church funeral in 1982 with its obligatory religious trappings. The presiding minister understandably didn’t even know her. Here was a woman who lived her entire life in town and was nonentity to the church. 

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Dad’s funeral twenty-two years later was more fitting and not in a church. Yes, a minister presided, but most memorable were representatives of Elkhorn’s fire department. They were there to honor his long-term service as volunteer fireman and by proxy that of grandfather Fred B. MaGill. 

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With a sense of duty, I went through Confirmation (a marker along the spiritual journey of adolescence) with others in our 7th grade class. Confirmation is a counterpart of baptism for those on the other side of the street, whom I understood later are more conservative in their worship than the somewhat liberal Methodists. Maybe this is why we attended the followers of theologian John Wesley, but I doubt it. 

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I don’t remember much from the experience, but some learning must have slipped through. I continued an interest in religion, or theological thought, as I made my way through high school and college. My search for meaning in life would be continuous.  

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While in college, a few years later, we students conducted a Sunday service during the winter break. After one service, an elder in the congregation suggested that I consider going into the ministry. This seemed odd at the time. In retrospect, however, seeing that theology could be deeply embedded in cultural issues, I can see the fit. Today, the Methodist Church is witnessing a schism over the issue of gay and lesbian marriage. I know where I would fall on the divide. 

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What I do remember earlier is scouting activities. Cub scouts for younger boys was after-school play followed by snacks prepared by one of the mothers. I probably was awarded a badge or two but didn’t pay much attention to the requirements. Girls seemed more organized hawking overpriced cookies to increase the revenue of its national affiliate.

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I had no interest in moving on to Boy Scouts by 6th grade with its so-called character building and merit badges. I wasn’t a rebel or even close, but most of the boys were nerds, so I thought. I probably would have come to appreciate friendship with some, but I was a young jock. 

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What substituted for Boy Scouts in early adolescence was Elkhorn’s Boy’s Club with its Knights of the Round Table Chivalry and Adventure. Even then Roger and I were not very accomplished “brothers-in-arms.” When the annual meeting approached, we were required to make shields out of wood. Don, home on leave as a 2nd Lieutenant, came to the rescue, purchased pine boards, lacquered them, and created a vivid painting of Sir Lancelot’s for Roger and Sir Galahad’s for me. 

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The Boy’s Club turned out to be a misadventure for the community. It had been ginned up by Dr. Olan Anderson, an optometrist with a thriving office downtown and majestic home on the westside. “Doc” even had a Black maid and 1950s bomb shelter. The Club was a front for his misdeeds. 

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Anderson was a generous guy, so it seemed, who organized the Club for junior high-aged boys, 11-13, conveniently entering puberty. Doc came along before the gay and lesbian cultural movement, and remained in the “closet.” His homosexuality, however, went beyond decency and morality, indulging in pleasure with boys. 

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The Club was more adventurous than the Boy Scouts, as he arranged trips to Milwaukee for Golden Gloves boxing and Chicago for Blackhawk hockey games. We had our own boxing contests after Saturday night meetings, and sleepovers at his lake cottage. Doc managed to disguise his intentions to adults by showing up with an attractive woman on his arm, when we traveled to big cities. 

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Most of us in the Boy’s Club knew of his perversion but were too morally immature to judge right from wrong in a professional adult. I realized initially that his escapades were reserved for older boys ages 12 and 13. Then one evening at the lake cottage, three of us boys were in bed, when he opened our door inviting one of us to join him in his room. This was not on my agenda nor that of Jon Platts’, but the third boy, Dave Anderson, accepted the invitation. Later, when Dave returned to our room, he gave us a detailed description of what transgressed. 

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It wasn’t long after that the ax fell, when an older boy told what was going on. Within 24 hours, Anderson’s office was shut down, and the doctor was ordered out of town. I suspect that some parents sensed that Doc was an aberration, and the response was fast. As the story goes, he moved to Minneapolis, where he could find obscurity and work as a medical technology salesman. 

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Dave, among seven or eight other boys, was called on to testify in court. Doc was not convicted but literally ran out of town. Later in life after marriage with grown kids, Dave came out of the closet living life as a gay man. He did say that his encounter had nothing to do with his homosexuality. The disposition was innate. 

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Somewhat ironic in all this is that Dave Anderson grew up to be a right-wing zealot. Later he moved to The Villages, a conservative enclave in central Florida. In doing so, he navigates among those who are negative towards the gay community. Fortunately for him, attitudes are changing. 

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A lesson that I took from junior high school is that your academic reputation follows for some time. My attitude and behavior improved with some maturity in 8th grade, but course grades were slow to materialize. In history, language arts, and natural science, where it seemed that I deserved at least a “B”, the report card showed “C”. I felt some remorse but not discouraged. I was bent on improving. 

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By 8th grade, I realized that college was to be on my life’s path. In observing the work many adults performed in factories, retail, and the trades, I sensed this would not be occupationally and mentally fulfilling. I set out to become a student and do better in classes. I was encouraged when the junior high principal, Frank Grunseth, stopped me in the hallway one day during first semester in 9th grade commenting that he had heard good things about my classwork work from teachers. I respected him for his dedication to the school and gained a jolt of confidence from the encounter. 

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One’s reputation doesn’t change overnight, but the grades did gradually improve. I wasn’t yet an “A” student but, at least, headed in the right direction. 

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My naivety and innocence were telling. I was influenced largely by the peer crowd when conformity was the norm. These were years defined by the presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was elected in 1952, when I was an immature eighth grader.

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Adlai Stevenson - Illinois

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower

That fall our class held a mock presidential election, between Eisenhower and his Democratic opponent, Adlai Stevenson. Both were worthy candidates with similar platforms, but the Illinois senator didn’t have a chance in Republican Walworth County. “Ike'' won overwhelmingly by a vote of 24 to one in our class. The lone dissenter was a boy from a blue-collar family, who lived near Silver Lake a few miles north of town. My ignorance spoke loudly, but I was impressed by the arguments of this kid, Larry Yanke, who more than held his own among a sea of boys and girls mimicking the views of parents and townspeople. 

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Elkhorn is home of proud independent merchants, local power brokers, and traditional families within the county, a conservative stronghold. I’ve come to think that many families live in a past, when the GOP (Grand Old Party) was at the forefront of civil liberties and progressivism beginning with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. In fact, the first Republican Party meeting took place early 1854 in Ripon, Wisconsin. 

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Lincoln was followed by a series of anti-slavery Republican presidents: Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877), Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), James A. Garfield (1881), Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885), Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893), William McKinley (1897-1901), and Theodore Roosevelt at the turn of century (1901-1909). TR was succeeded by moderate William Howard Taft (1909-1913).

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In their quest for civil liberties and economic reform, Republicans were the progressive party led for many years by Robert Lafollette, former Wisconsin governor (1901-1906), and U.S senator (1906-1925). He contested for the GOP presidential nomination in 1912. Women finally would get the right to vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920. 

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In 1912, William Howard Taft again was the Republican nominee, whom “Fighting Bob'' (Lafollette) saw abandoning the progressive ideals of the party. Lafollette challenged President Taft running on the Progressive Party ticket. Teddy Roosevelt then reversed course and decided to run as another third-party candidate forming the Bull Moose Party. It was an impetuous move by TR that annoyed “Fighting Bob.” The Republicans were split, and Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, won the Presidency handily. 

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Wisconsin progressive politics bore the imprint early on of Robert Lafollette then later Democrats, Gaylord Nelson and William Proxmire along with a host of scholars at the flagship state university in Madison. Early in the century, Republicans took a cautious approach to politics and were upstaged by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in bringing on the New Deal. A few decades later JFK (John F. Kennedy) and LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson) extended civil liberties. 

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One oddity among the GOP was Wendell Willkie, who challenged FDR for the Presidency in 1940. Willkie, who had been a progressive Democrat, was an internationalist who favored a new world order and the end to American imperialism. While an undergraduate at the University of Indiana, he campaigned for a course on Karl Marx and denounced nativist fraternities. 

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Willkie set off a firestorm within the Republican Party headed by Old Guard isolationist Robert A. Taft (William Howard’s son), who was supported by oil and chemical money. Party moderates, however, held serve, placing it on the path to Thomas Dewey, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon, all of whom were liberal Republicans. Dewey and Ike campaigned as “New Deal Republicans,” and Nixon supported the Democrats’ Great Society programs. 

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Franklin Roosevelt’s vice president for his final term in office was an anomaly. When the President died early in 1945, Harry Truman succeeded him. Truman had been a long shot for VP in that campaign. Henry Wallace served as vice president from 1941-45 and was favored to be retained. In an eleventh-hour national convention move, he was rejected as FDR’s running mate in favor of Truman, a Missouri senator. Wallace, a former Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, was deemed too radical for the establishment. He subsequently ran for President in 1948 with the Progressive Party. I knew little to nothing of this history in Junior High.

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The 1950s added another dimension to our fear. All of us are familiar with The Pledge of Allegiance that reads, 

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"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." (Italics added.)

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Some may be surprised to learn that this is not the original “Pledge” that dates to 1892. It was written by Rev. Francis Bellamy (1855-1931), a Baptist minister and Christian socialist. He is the brother of Edward Bellamy, author of Looking Backward (1888), a classic utopian novel describing an idyllic, peaceful, abundant life Americans would enjoy in the year 2000. We are far short of this tranquility, needless to say.

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The original pledge was the same without the words “under God” inserted. But in 1954, facing the specter of a godless Soviet Union, Congress had those two words added to mollify a frightened nation. It was gratuitous but fit the edgy mood and still does.

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The Cold War brought religion into public schools

In the midterm 2010 election, Wisconsin liberals suffered a double whammy when businessman Ron Johnson defeated incumbent U.S. Senator Russ Feingold, and preacher’s son Scott Walker won over popular Milwaukee mayor Tom Barrett. Both Johnson and Walker tapped into resistance against President Barack Obama’s agenda. The state continues to be divided and a battleground pitting rural white working class against urban minorities and the educated class. This, I witness afar from in Colorado 

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Even with Tony Evers, a former State Superintendent of Schools, winning the governorship in November, 2018, the difference between the two states is striking. Colorado is becoming more diverse, while Wisconsin has a substantial rural population that feels left behind in an age of globalism and cultural change. The southern lakes’ economy strives, however, with its proximity to Milwaukee, Madison, and Chicago.

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Although the U.S. economy had been growing vigorously since the end of WWII with factories humming and stores stocked with merchandise, I didn’t feel prosperous. The day before school opened in the fall of 1953, I went to Cain’s clothing store downtown for a pair of suitable trousers. Anything presentable would work. Cash poor, I was at the mercy of my parent’s generosity. 

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The only boys’ pants left in my size were work overalls with a side pocket for a carpenter’s rule. A generation later when teenagers dressed down, this could be trendy, but not in the stylish fifties for a high school freshman hoping to impress.

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